According to professional and amateur photographers, who have worked on the analog film cameras, the digital camera is a blessing of sorts. It is different from its predecessor. While processing the photographs in a lab called for a time lapse between the shoot and the final print, in the case of the digitally photographed frames, one can get prints as soon as they are clicked as long as there is a printer close at hand.

There is no doubt that since the digital cameras entered the market in the 1990s, they have been successful and a preference amongst almost all photographers around the world, except for a section who still prefer to use the film cameras, for reason better known to them. However, though the new age cameras have made it to the top of the charts for various reasons, yet the fact remains that people of the photographing fraternity consider the picture quality on film better than the digital outputs. This viewpoint gets a unanimous nod. The manufacturers are constantly working towards overcoming this problem.

What are digital cameras? These are cameras that do not require a film roll to capture photographs. Instead they have an in-built computer devise that captures and stores the pictures. These images have to then be downloaded on a computer, after which they are put through a process termed as image editing. Through this process the images are cleaned up completely. They are cropped to size, and unnecessary aspects are removed from the images. The color and saturation are adjusted. Then the images are transferred to a storage device, or printed.

What are the top selling digital cameras? This is a common question put across photographer working at all levels. At the very base, one needs to understand that the cameras distinguished into varied categories depending on what is known as the Digital Camera Resolution (DCR). This variable calculated the amount of detail a camera is capable of capturing, and is measured in terms of pixels. The more pixel capacity of camera, the more the details it is capable of capturing, and therefore the higher the resolution. The following are the common resolutions of digital cameras:
• 256×256 – 65,000 pixels: The cheapest range of cameras.
• 640×480 – This produces images ideally meant for emailing and posting over the Internet.
• 1216×912 – 1,109,000 pixels: Produces pictures that are meant to be printed.
• 1600×1200 – Almost 2 million pixels: This is the high-resolution camera range that produce images that can be printed to the size of 4×5 inch
• 2240×1680 – 4-mega pixel: these cameras give an output of image prints that go up to 16×20 inches.
• 4064×2704 – 11.1 mega pixels: These are the top-of-the-line digital cameras. One can get prints up to 13.5×9 inches.

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Some of the acclaimed photographs ever taken have been those under trying weather and climatic conditions. Pictures of stormy hurricanes, heavy rainfall, scorching sunlight, dense snowfall, tornadoes, hailstorms, have won international accolades. Sometimes amateur photographers have won awards for such photographs. But then, in order to capture such pictures it is important to first take proper care of the digital camera. The camera first should be well protected to be able to provide stunning photographs.

According to the experts the best digital cameras can last through providing one with 100,000 shots. But the prerequisite for this is properly caring for your digital camera.

The following are the various aspects that need to be taken care of when tending to the maintenance of the digicam:
o Cleansing of the camera casing: The entire casing of the camera should be cleaned with a soft duster or piece of cloth. Occasionally the ‘flaps’ to the memory and batteries should be opened. These areas should be cleaned, using a soft brush or a gentle blower in order to remove all dust particles. The metal parts of the camera can be cleaned with spirit dabbed on a soft cloth.
o Cleansing of the lens: Firstly, the lens should be only cleaned as and when it is necessary, as cleaning it ever so often would create scratches. To clean the lens one needs to use a soft brush, such as a paint brush. And one should keep the lens covered at all times, until and unless it is to be used.
o Keep the camera away from strong magnetic fields: Such areas can cause damage to the data stored in the camera, distorting or even erasing the images.
o The camera should not be exposed to very high temperatures. If out in the sun then keep the camera covered with a light colored towel or piece of cloth.
o Do not keep the camera next a radiator or any other area, which could be hotand humid.
o In the case of cold weather, keep the camera in a warmer zone, or maybe simply wrap in a soft towel and keep it in the closet. When stepping out keep in the coat pocket or the handbag. The batteries tend to weaken quickly in cold temperature zones.
o When carrying the camera from a cold area to warm area cover it with a plastic bag or newspaper to prevent condensation. This should also be done when carrying it from warm to cold area. Condensation can cause the operations of the camera to freeze.
o Protect the camera from water, salt water, dust, dirt and sand. A camera case helps but at the beach a plastic bag is even better.
o If shooting in the rain then cover the camera with a plastic bag and cut out a whole only on the areas covering the lens.

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To be termed as a professional photographer, one needs to undergo complete technical training. However, to be termed as an expert photographer, one needs to keep some factors in mind in order to be able to take good pictures. Most, people have a penchant for photography, pursuing it as a leisure activity. It is a hobby for almost one member in the family, who prefers to shoot all the family pictures, rather then be a subject of the family snap-shots. Such photographers are generally termed as amateur photographers.

Given here are some interesting tips for taking better pictures with your digital camera:
Pictures on the outdoors:
o When clicking pictures on the outdoors position the subject/s in a way that the sun light up their faces.
o If the weather of cloudy then no special care needs to be taken when taking snapshots
o To make the picture all the more interesting use some props as part of the picture, maybe in the backdrop, or as part of the main picture. For instance, the subject can pose against a car. Or, then children can be playing on a swing. Or the subjects can be made to stand against the backdrop of a tree.
o The subject/s can be made to pose differently. They can be made to look directly at the camera, or then look at something of interest, in order to capture their various expressions. Sometimes candid shots, capturing the subject unawares, give the best results.
Picture indoors:
o Pictures taken indoors may just require the use of a flash.
o The subject/s should be positioned within the maximum flash distance range.
For self portraits:
o These are fun pictures of oneself. However, while taking these pictures one has to keep a couple of things in mind, such as:
o Hold the camera and point it back at yourself
o Use the wide-angle portion if the camera has a zoom lens
o Photograph yourself against various backdrops
For semi-formal portraits:
o Use lighting that is soft and diffused lighting. This includes clicking pictures on a cloudy-day or in indirect window light
o The backdrop should be relevant to the subject/s and not distracting
o Move closer to the subject/s for a picture above-the-waist and even closer for a head-and-shoulders composition. In order to capture the entire figure move further behind.

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Capturing pictures with the digital camera is child’s play for almost anyone. However, capturing pictures perfectly requires some training and tips. Every once in a while one does manage to get that amazing picture that could be send to a photograph competition, but as they say this is much by fluke, rather than by actual ability. However, to repetitively create such picture one can take into consideration the following tips for using your digital camera:
• The camera should be held at the subject’s eye level in order to get the magnetic gazes and magical smiles
• One should get down on their knees to capture kids and pets
• The subject/s need not look directly into the lens, as capturing them at eve-level itself with create a personal feel
• Prior to taking a picture one needs to check the backdrop. It should not be distracting or overpowering.
• Ensure that trees and poles do not seem to sprout from the subject’s head
• Any kind of cluttered background will be distracting. On the other hand a plain background tends to emphasize the subject
• In order to improve the quality of the picture, use the fill flash setting on the outdoors.
• The fill flash helps to lighten the dark shadows under the eyes and nose that is created by the bright sunshine, which is directly above or behind the subject/s.
• On a cloudy day the fill flash brightens faces, making them stand out.
• Ideally, the picture should be filled with the subject in order to get an impactful photograph.
• In order to get a close up one needs to either move closer to the subject or then simply use the use zoom mode.
• In order to capture small objects, one needs to use the camera’s macro or ‘flower’ mode. This helps getting sharper close-ups.
• Ideally, one should get vertical shots of buildings and portraits.
• In order to create sharp pictures of the subject that are off-center one needs to lock the focus
• In fact, by placing the subject off-center one can actually bring life to the subject/s
• The pictures that are clicked beyond the maximum flash range tend to be too dark.
• One needs to study the effects of light on the pictures in order to get good quality photographs.
• In order to capture scenic moments, one should use the long shadows and colors of early and late daylight.
• Rather than being a passive photographer, one should play the role of picture director and arrange props and direct the subjects.

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There are numerous brands of digital cameras, across the globe. However, there are some that limited to their domestic market, while others have reached the doorsteps of almost every nation. But the fact remains that because of global trading, one can acquire any brand within a span of 15 to 20 days depending on the amount of time it takes to ship the product. One can also acquire detailed literature of the preferred digital camera from various sources, such as the photography specific publications.

Given here is a comprehensive list of digital camera brands. (It is a well researched list, however, it is possible that some names could have been skipped in the findings):
• Aiptek
• Apple Computer (iSight webcam series)
• Argus (this is a licensed brand of an extinct company)
• Atiger
• BenQ
• Canon
• Casio
• Cobra
• Concord
• Cool-iCam
• Creative – (webcams)
• D-Link
• EarthCam – (webcams)
• Emprex
• Epson
• Fujifilm
• Hewlett-Packard
• Hitachi
• JVC
• It Works
• Jenoptik
• Ken-A-Vision
• Kodak digital cameras
• Largan
• Leica
• Logitech – (webcams)
• Maxell
• Microsoft – (LifeCam series)
• Microtek
• Minox
• Mobotix
• Mustek
• Nikon
• Ocuview – (Webcam)
• Olympus
• Oregon Scientific
• Panasonic – (Lumix)
• Pentax
• Philips – (Webcam)
• Polaroid
• Ricoh digital cameras
• Samsung
• Sanyo
• Sigma
• SiPix
• SMaL
• Sony – (Cyber-shot)
• Swann
• UMAX
Given here is a list of defunct digital camera brands:
• Agfa digital cameras
• Contax
• Gateway
• Konica Minolta
• Minolta
• Nintendo
• Toshiba
• Yashica

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When one thinks of digital cameras, in general, the first thought that comes into mind is sleek gadgets that take took pictures, without the cost of rolls and processing. To go a step further the concept of recording voice and situations also comes into play. However, the fact is that there are numerous varied types of digital cameras. These are classified into various categories.

First, given here is the price-wise categorization, mainly for the general consumers, of the digital cameras, along with the type of consumer suitability factor:

o Price range below Rs. 25,000. These are at the lowest end and are meant for the general consumers. They are the fully automatic point and shoot cameras. These cameras have approximately 3 to 4 million pixels.
o Price range between Rs. 25,000 and Rs. 50,000. These are used by both the professional and amateur photographers. These contain approximately 4 to 5 million pixels.
o Price range between Rs. 50,000 and Rs. 1,00,000. These are top-of-the-range camera, mainly used by professionals, though there are some amateur photographers with a passion for photography, who venture into this segment; and so it also known as the prosumer (professional-consumer) cameras. These cameras have approximately 6 to 12 million pixels. They have the highest resolution and maximum features. One can also get used digital cameras in this range, which are priced in accordance to how much it has already been used and its functioning.

The digital cameras are also categorized as follows:

o Point and shoot cameras: These are the least expensive of the whole range of digital cameras. They are fully automatic, but do not provide one with too much creative control. They have approximately 3 to 4 million pixels.
o Prosumer cameras: these contain approximately 5 to 6 million pixels. Generally they have advanced features such as through-the-lens (TTL) focusing.
o Professional digital cameras: These are essentially meant for professional and are in the price range of Rs. 75,000 to Rs. 4,00,000. They have anything between 6 to 12 million pixels.
o Digital video cameras: These are also known as handycams or digicams and have a video capture more. This is meant for recording audio-visuals.
o Specialty cameras: These are meant for specific purposes such as cell phones and computer devices.
o Novelty Cameras: These a fun toy-type kids digital cameras. They come in various child friendly designs, with the cartoon figure on the casing. They are rather colorful and attractive. However, even though some renowned brands to manufacture such cameras, yet they usually come without a warranty card or guarantee period. They also have minimal technical features.
o Underwater digital cameras: These are meant to capture all that happens in the marine life. These are distinguished from other cameras because of the outer casing that protects it when used underwater.
o Waterproof digital cameras: these cameras are water resistant to a certain level, but cannot be used for underwater shooting

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Capturing memories is one of the main reasons why the camera was actually invented. And man has worked towards capturing every possible memory, whether on earth, in the sky or then below the sea level. However, while any digital camera can be used to get pictures on earth and in when traveling in the skies, the underwater shots require specialized cameras. Underwater photography is not just about memories, but is an important aspect in the research of marine life. Thus, marine biologists require cameras to be placed underwater, sometimes for days and weeks together in order to capture all that happens deep down, below.

Whether it is one’s hobby or profession one needs to use a specialized underwater digital camera. One needs to remember that this type of camera is different from the typical water resistant ones. The former can be used in any level of water. While on the other hand, the latter can only be used up to a minimum level. Beyond that the camera is defunct.

For underwater shots and shooting one requires a specialty camera with the underwater casing that can withstand the pressures and temperatures of the deep seas. It is these casing that have them categorized as those meant for underwater picture taking purpose.

However, when shooting underwater one needs to keep a couple of factors in mind, which include:

• The deeper one dives for shooting, the more the light diffuses. This implies darker images at increasing depths. This happens because the red spectrum seems darker due to the light diffusion. However, to counter this one needs to use the white balance to bring up natural colors.
• Subjects shot underwater appear larger than their actual size. To prevent this the viewfinder needs to be adjusted according to the size one desires.
• The underwater cameras with a built-in flash would end up producing a marine show phenomenon, with blurry pictures and white particles floating above. In order to avoid this one needs to ideally use an external flash.
• Prior to actually using the camera underwater it is advised to submerge it initially just for a few minutes to ensure that there are no leakages into the casing.
• Ensure that there is no sand of dust particles between the seal of the casing as the sand tends to crystallize causing leakages.
• Use the macro lens in case of capturing smaller subjects. This way one can grab their pictures without disturbing them.
• Most underwater digital cameras come with optional lenses. Don’t be afraid to add these lenses to your underwater digital camera kit. Macro lenses will help you capture small things without getting too close and startling your subject.

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Advancements in technology is an ongoing process, that does not seem to have a stopping point. This is also the case with the digital cameras, not matter what the type maybe. Whilst there are a number of categories, where cameras are concerned, the compact digital cameras, also known as digicams, seem to cover a majority of digital cameras in general.

The best compact digital cameras are characterized by:
• Operational ease
• Simple focusing technique
• The motion picture capability is limited
• Relatively small zoom range in comparison to the prosumer and DSLR range of cameras
• Extended field-depth, permitting objects at a larger range to come into focus
• Appropriate for general and casual use
• Appropriate for landscape photography
• They save images in JPEG file format

There are certain features one needs to look out for in an advanced compact camera. These are:

• Zoom Range, which should ideally be extended. One should look beyond the ‘x’ number (for example, 15x zoom). At the same time one also needs to check the wide-angle spec and the telephoto.
• Image Stabilization helps bring about better results in a number of situations. There are times when the camera moves too fast when a slow exposure is required. There are certain cameras that provide the option of image stabilization that adjusts the camera’s speed in accordance to the exposure speed to get a sharper picture.
• Portability is important as most photographers, professional or amateur, are on the move when capturing their subjects. They need to see how comfortable they are carrying the camera.

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Digital cameras no doubt have simplified the process of clicking pictures and sending them across to near and dear ones. But then, nothing is perfect here, and so is also the case with types of cameras. While there maybe six to seven broad based categories, yet within each there are as many types as there are brands. One of the main recommended categories is the bridge digital cameras, which belongs to the general range of higher-end live-preview cameras, which physically resemble DSLRs. However, all cameras in this category are classified as prosumer.

More often than never, the prosumer cameras marketed as digital SLR cameras. This is because of the similarity in the bodies of both types of cameras. However, in order to avoid any kind of confusion one needs to understand that the bridge digital camera do not have the mirror and reflex system that is existent in the DSLR cameras. The bridge cameras can also take movies, record audio and compose scenes. This is either done by the liquid crystal display (LCD) or the electronic viewfinder (EVF). However, on the other hand the DSLR tends to function faster than the bridge option.

Some of the presently available bridge cameras are:

• Fujifilm FinePix S9000Bridge cameras: These have superzoom lenses, which have a ‘do it all’ ability along with barrel distortion and pin-cushioning.
• Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ50
• Fujifilm FinePix S6500fd
• Fujifilm FinePix S5600
• Kodak EasyShare P880
• Sony DSC-R1
• Sigma DP1

It needs to be noted that camera manufacturers like Canon, Nikon and Olympus have discontinued producing high-profile bridge models, in order to concentrate on the cheaper consumer DSLRs.

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Sometimes shopping for a new camera could be a lot of fun, for all photography enthusiasts as they get to try out the operations of various cameras. But then, putting the fun part aside, ones main goal should be to buy digital cameras that fits within ones price range and at the same time contains all the vital functions one requires to take the best of pictures. This does not mean that one compromises to such an extent and purchases cheap digital cameras that have minimal functions and would last not more than a couple of months.

Generally the cost of the simple point and shoot digital cameras range from Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 50,000. One should remember that those at the lower end produce low resolution pictures, and the higher the price the higher is the resolution of the images clicked and stored. Another aspect is that the lower resolution pictures can be emailed and viewed on screen, but the print quality has much to ask for. Thus, ideally one should opt for the mid-range of cameras.

The following are some important tips to buy a digital camera:

• Research should be conducted: Whether buying a camera for the first time or not one needs to study the comparison of best digital cameras, prior to making the final purchase. Apart from seeking out recommendations, one needs to visit a couple of stores in order to get a hands-on feel of the cameras. There are also certain photography related publications that provide detailed product information.
• The Cost-Capability ratio: Whenever a company introduces a new model, it lowers the price of the older ones. This makes the cameras become a better deal. However, when checking out the price of cameras, one needs to also keep aised approximately Rs. 4,000 aside for various accessories such as extra batteries and memory cards.
• Increasing capability equals increased price, as well as complexity: the more expensive a digital camera, the more complex are its varied functions, because of the additional features. However, the fact is that the pictures are also better.
• The simpler cameras can be used by almost anyone in the family, without worrying about it getting damaged because of the simple functions.
• The camera should fit one’s style: One should be comfortable carrying the camera, just like it when selecting a cell phone.
• Size matter: One should be comfortable carrying their camera, and so the smaller ones are more convenient than the large and bulky ones.

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